Ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation: description, risk factors for mortality, and performance of the SOFA score / Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em pacientes em ventilação mecânica prolongada: descrição, fatores de risco associados à mortalidade e desempenho do escore SOFA

ABSTRACT Objective: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious complication of mechanical ventilation (MV). However, data on VAP in patients on prolonged MV (PMV) are scarce. We aimed to describe the characteristics of VAP patients on PMV and to identify factors associated with mortality. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study including VAP patients on PMV. We recorded baseline characteristics, as well as 30-day and 90-day mortality rates. Variables associated with mortality were determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression model. Results: We identified 80 episodes of VAP in 62 subjects on PMV. The medians for age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, SOFA score, and days on MV were, respectively, 69.5 years, 5, 4, and 56 days. Episodes of VAP occurred between days 21 and 50 of MV in 28 patients (45.2%) and, by day 90 of MV, in 48 patients (77.4%). The 30-day and 90-day mortality rates were 30.0% and 63.7%, respectively. There were associations of 30-day mortality with the SOFA score (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.12-1.52; p < 0.001) and use of vasoactive agents (HR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.2-12.9; p = 0.02), whereas 90-day mortality was associated with age (HR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00-1.05; p = 0.003), SOFA score (HR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.07-1.34; p = 0.001), use of vasoactive agents (HR = 4.07; 95% CI: 1.93-8.55; p < 0.001), and COPD (HR = 3.35; 95% CI: 1.71-6.60; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Mortality rates in VAP patients on PMV are considerably high. The onset of VAP can occur various days after MV initiation. The SOFA score is useful for predicting fatal outcomes. The factors associated with mortality could help guide therapeutic decisions and determine prognosis.

RESUMO Objetivo: A pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM) é uma séria complicação da ventilação mecânica (VM). Entretanto, dados sobre PAVM em pacientes em VM prolongada (VMP) são escassos. Nosso objetivo foi descrever as características de pacientes com PAVM em VMP e identificar fatores associados à mortalidade. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluindo pacientes com PAVM em VMP. Foram registradas características basais, bem como as taxas de mortalidade em 30 e 90 dias. As variáveis associadas à mortalidade foram determinadas por meio da análise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e do modelo de regressão de Cox. Resultados: Foram identificados 80 episódios de PAVM em 62 indivíduos em VMP. As medianas de idade, índice de comorbidade de Charlson, pontuação no SOFA, e dias em VM foram, respectivamente, de 69,5 anos, 5, 4 e 56 dias. Os episódios de PAVM ocorreram entre o 21º e o 50º dia de VM em 28 pacientes (45,2%) e até o 90º dia de VM em 48 pacientes (77,4%). As taxas de mortalidade em 30 e 90 dias foram de 30,0% e 63,7%, respectivamente. A mortalidade em 30 dias associou-se a pontuação no SOFA (razão de risco [RR] = 1,30; IC95%: 1,12-1,52; p < 0,001) e uso de drogas vasoativas (RR = 4,0; IC95%: 1,2-12,9; p = 0,02), enquanto a mortalidade em 90 dias associou-se a idade (RR = 1,03; IC95%: 1,00-1,05; p = 0,003), pontuação no SOFA (RR = 1,20; IC95%: 1,07-1,34; p = 0,001), uso de drogas vasoativas (RR = 4,07; IC95%: 1,93-8,55; p < 0,001) e DPOC (RR = 3,35; IC95%: 1,71-6,60; p < 0,001). Conclusões: As taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com PAVM em VMP são consideravelmente altas. O início da PAVM pode ocorrer vários dias após a instituição da VM. O escore SOFA é útil para predição de desfechos fatais. Os fatores associados à mortalidade podem ajudar a orientar as decisões terapêuticas e a determinar o prognóstico.

Microorganismos causales de neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica, Guantánamo 2014-2018 / Microrganismos causais de pneumonia associados à ventilação mecânica, Guantanamo 2014-2018 / Causal microorganisms of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation, Guantanamo 2014-2018

Introducción: en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto no se ha precisado cuálesgérmenes causan la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica. Objetivo: precisar los gérmenes causales de este tipo de neumonía en la citada unidad durante los años 2014-2018. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y longitudinal. El universo fueron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de este tipo de neumonía (N=561), de estos se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de 200 pacientes. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: total de pacientes ingresados en la UCI y los que se trataron con ventilación mecánica y tiempo de aplicación de ésta, características de los pacientes (edad, sexo, tipo de paciente y diagnóstico al ingreso), caracterización de esta neumonía (tipo, nivel de gravedad y etiología). Resultados: el 46,8 por ciento de los pacientes que se trató con ventilación mecánica presentó este tipo de neumonía, y de estos el 94,0 por ciento presentó una neumonía detipo tardía. Su edad fue de 56,1 ± 12,4 años y la mayoría fueron varones (n=59). El 65,5 por ciento presentó una enfermedad clínica, y la más común fue la enfermedad cerebrovascular (24,5 por ciento). El 73,5 por ciento se ventiló por más de cinco días. El principal germen causal fue la Klebsiella (24,5 por ciento). Conclusión: la Klebsiella y el Streptococcus pneumoniae son los gérmenes causales más comunes de esta neumonía y esta fue más común en los pacientes con formas clínicas de enfermedad cerebrovascular(AU)

Introduction: in the intensive care unit of the Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital it has not been specified which germs cause pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation. Objective: to specify the causal germs of this type of pneumonia in the aforementioned unit during the years 2014-2018. Method: an observational, retrospective and longitudinal study was carried out. The universe was all patients diagnosed with this type of pneumonia (N=561), from these a random sample of 200 patients was selected. The following variables were studied: total of patients admitted to the ICU and those treated with mechanical ventilation and its application time, characteristics of the patients (age, sex, type of patient and diagnosis at admission), characterization of this pneumonia (type, severity level and etiology). Results: 46.8 percent of the patients who were treated with echanical ventilation presented this type of pneumonia, and of these 94.0 percent presented late pneumonia. Their age was 56.1 ± 12.4 years and the majority were male (n=59). 65.5 percent presented a clinical disease, and the most common was cerebrovascular disease (24.5 percent). 73.5 percent was ventilated for more than five days. The main causal germ was Klebsiella (24.5 percent). Conclusion: Klebsiella and Streptococcus pneumoneae are the most common causative germs of this pneumonia and this was more common in patients with clinical forms of cerebrovascular disease(AU)

Introdução: na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto no foi especificado quais germes causam pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. Objetivo: especificar os germes causais desse tipo de pneumonia na unidade citada nos anos de 2014 a 2018. Método: estudo observacional, retrospectivo e longitudinal. O universo foi constituído por todos os pacientes diagnosticados com esse tipo de pneumonia (N=561), dos quais foi selecionada uma amostra aleatória de 200 pacientes. Foram estudadas as seguintes variáveis: total de pacientes admitidos na UTI e tratados com ventilação mecânica e seu tempo de aplicação, características dos pacientes (idade, sexo, tipo de paciente e diagnóstico na admissão), caracterização dessa pneumonia (tipo, nível de gravidade e etiologia). Resultados: 46,8 por cento dos pacientes tratados com ventilação mecânica apresentaram esse tipo de pneumonia e desses 94,0 por cento apresentaram pneumonia tardia. A idade era de 56,1 ± 12,4 anos e a maioria era do sexo masculino (n=59). 65,5 por cento apresentaram doença clínica e a mais comum foi doença cerebrovascular (24,5 por cento). 73,5 por cento foram ventilados por mais de cinco dias. O principal germe causal foi Klebsiella (24,5 por cento). Conclusão: Klebsiella e streptococcus pneumoneae são os germes causadores mais comuns dessa pneumonia, sendo mais comum em pacientes com formas clínicas de doença cerebrovascular(AU)

Comportamiento de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica en cuidados intensivos de adultos / Comportamento de pneumonia associado à ventilação mecãnica em terapia intensiva de adultos / Behavior of mechanic ventilator-associated pneumonia in adult at intensive care

Introducción: las neumonías asociadas a la ventilación causan grandes inquietudes a los médicos que plantean serias dificultades diagnósticas las que a su vez motivan a menudo la toma de decisiones terapéuticas desproporcionadas que favorecen la génesis de la resistencia antimicrobiana. Objetivo: valorar el comportamiento de la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica como indicador de calidad asistencial en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos del Hospital General Docente Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja de Baracoa entre enero-diciembre de 2015. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. De un universo de 67 pacientes se tomó una muestra de 27 pacientes por el método aleatorio simple, que desarrollaron esta enfermedad asociada a la ventilación según grupos de edades, sexo, afecciones que propiciaron usarla, tiempo de aparición de los síntomas y resultados microbiológicos. Resultados: las enfermedades de base que más incidieron fueron las enfermedades cerebrovasculares seguidas por distrés respiratorio y sepsis severa. En los primeros nueve días fue que aparecieron los síntomas. Se obtuvo mayor aislamiento de gérmenes Gram negativo. Conclusiones: el comportamiento de las neumonías asociadas a la ventilación estuvo dado en el sexo masculino, mayores de 60 años, se asociaron con mayor frecuencia a las enfermedades cerebrovasculares, en su mayoría los síntomas aparecieron entre 4 y 6 días; el Staphylococcus epidermidis y la Klebsiellap neumoniae fueron los gérmenes que con mayor frecuencia se aislaron en estos pacientes(AU)

Introduction: pneumonias associated with ventilation cause great concern to physicians who pose serious diagnostic difficulties which in turn often motivate the making of disproportionate therapeutic decisions that favor the genesis of antimicrobial resistance. Objective: assess the behavior of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation as an indicator of quality of care in the Unit of Intensive Adult Therapy of the General Teaching Hospital "Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja" of Baracoa between January-December 2015. Method: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. From a universe of 67 patients, a sample of 27 patients was taken by the simple random method, which developed this disease associated with ventilation according to age groups, sex, conditions that led to its use, time of onset of symptoms and microbiological results. Results: the underlying diseases that most affected were cerebrovascular diseases followed by respiratory distress and severe sepsis. In the first nine days, the symptoms appeared. Greater isolation of Gram negative germs was obtained. Conclusions: the behavior of the pneumonias associated to ventilation was given in the male sex, older than 60 years, they were associated with a greater frequency to the cerebrovascular diseases, in the majority the symptoms appeared between 4 and 6 days; Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiellap pneumoniae were the germs that were most frequently isolated in these patients(AU)

Introdução: as pneumonias associadas à ventilação são motivo de grande preocupação para os médicos que apresentam sérias dificuldades diagnósticas, que por sua vez, muitas vezes motivam a tomada de decisões terapêuticas desproporcionais que favorecem a gênese da resistência antimicrobiana. Objetivo: avaliar o comportamento da pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica como um indicador de qualidade de atendimento na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos do Hospital Geral de Ensino "Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja" de Baracoa entre janeiro-dezembro de 2015. Método: foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal. De um universo de 67 pacientes, uma amostra de 27 pacientes foi tomada pelo método aleatório simples, que desenvolveu essa doença associada à ventilação de acordo com as faixas etárias, sexo, condições que levaram ao seu uso, tempo de início dos sintomas e resultados microbiológicos. Resultados: as doenças de base que mais afetaram foram as doenças cerebrovasculares, seguidas de desconforto respiratório e sepse grave. Nos primeiros nove dias, os sintomas apareceram. Maior isolamento de germes Gram negativos foi obtido. Conclusões: o comportamento das pneumonias associadas à ventilação foi dado no sexo masculino, com idade superior a 60 anos, foram associadas com maior frequência às doenças cerebrovasculares, na maioria os sintomas apareceram entre 4 e 6 dias; Staphylococcus epidermidis e Klebsiellap pneumoniae foram os germes mais freqüentemente isolados nesses pacientes(AU)

Risk factors for early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients

This study aimed to investigate the risk factors related to ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP) in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. From January 2011 to December 2015, a single-center retrospective study including 200 SAH patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) ≥48 h was performed. The clinical data of these patients were collected and analyzed. The age range of the patients were 41-63 and 72 (36%) were male. The Glasgow coma scale score range was 5-15 and the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II range was 31-52. One hundred and forty-eight (74%) patients had a World Federation of Neurosurgeons (WNFS) score ≥III. Aneurysm was secured with an endovascular coiling procedure in 168 (84%) patients and 94 (47%) patients presented VAP. Male gender (OR=2.25, 95%CI=1.15-4.45), use of mannitol (OR=3.02, 95%CI=1.53-5.94) and enteral feeding above 20 kcal·kg−1·day−1 (OR=2.90, 95%CI=1.26-6.67) after day 7 were independent factors for VAP. Patients with early-onset VAP had a longer duration of sedation (P=0.03), MV (P=0.001) and ICU length of stay (P=0.003) and a worse Glasgow Outcome Scale score (P<0.001), but did not have a higher death rate.

Impactos e fatores determinantes no bundle de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica / Impactos y factores determinantes en cumplimiento del bundle de neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica / Determining impacts and factors in ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os impactos e fatores determinantes no cumprimento do bundle para redução da pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. Método: estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado no Hospital público de ensino. Coleta realizada entre maio de 2014 e abril de 2015. Participaram da pesquisa, os pacientes da UTI, notificados com PAV. Para a organização dos dados foi utilizado o programa Microsoft Excel 2010. Estabeleceu-se uma análise crítica entre os dados levantados e as taxas de infecção. A pesquisa obteve parecer favorável, sob o n° 566.136. Resultados: observou-se aumento na incidência de PAV após implementação do bundle; os patógenos prevalentes foram bactérias gram-negativas. Os óbitos foram iguais ou maiores a 50%. As mudanças de profissionais e a falta de insumos foram fatores determinantes. Conclusão: nesse contexto, ressalta-se a necessidade de qualificação permanente da equipe, com o propósito de favorecer a adesão ao protocolo e prevenir a PAV.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar los impactos y factores determinantes en el cumplimiento del bundle para reducir la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAV). Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo longitudinal con un enfoque cuantitativo, realizado en el hospital público universitario. La recolección de datos se ha llevado a cabo entre mayo de 2014 y abril de 2015. Los participantes fueron los pacientes de la UCI reportados con NAV. Para la organización de los datos se utilizó el programa Microsoft Excel 2010. Se estableció un análisis crítico de los datos recogidos y las tasas de infección. La investigación fue aprobada bajo el número de registro 566.136. Resultados: hubo un aumento en la incidencia de NAV después de la implementación del bundle; los patógenos prevalentes fueron las bacterias gramnegativas. Las muertes eran igual o superior al 50%. Cambios profesionales y la falta de insumos fueron factores determinantes. Conclusión: en este contexto, se destaca la necesidad de una formación continua del personal, con el fin de promover la adhesión al protocolo y prevenir la NAV.

ABSTRACT Objective: Assessing the determining impacts and factors in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) bundle. Method: descriptive retrospective longitudinal study, with quantitative approach, held at a public teaching hospital. Collection held between May 2014 and April 2015. Patients of the ICU with VAP participated in the research. For organizing data, the Microsoft Excel 2010 program was used. A critical analysis between the data collected and infection rates was performed. The survey was approved under no. 566,136. Results: an increase in the incidence of VAP after implementing the bundle was observed; the prevalent pathogens were gram-negative bacteria. Deaths were equal to or greater than 50%. Changes of professionals and lack of supplies were determining factors. Conclusion: in this context, the need for permanent qualification of the team is emphasized, with the purpose of promoting the adherence to the protocol and preventing VAP.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia: the influence of bacterial resistance, prescription errors, and de-escalation of antimicrobial therapy on mortality rates

Abstract Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the most prevalent nosocomial infection in intensive care units and is associated with high mortality rates (14–70%). Aim This study evaluated factors influencing mortality of patients with Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), including bacterial resistance, prescription errors, and de-escalation of antibiotic therapy. Methods This retrospective study included 120 cases of Ventilator-associated pneumonia admitted to the adult adult intensive care unit of the Federal University of Uberlândia. The chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables. Student's t-test was used for quantitative variables and multiple logistic regression analysis to identify independent predictors of mortality. Findings De-escalation of antibiotic therapy and resistant bacteria did not influence mortality. Mortality was 4 times and 3 times higher, respectively, in patients who received an inappropriate antibiotic loading dose and in patients whose antibiotic dose was not adjusted for renal function. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed the incorrect adjustment for renal function was the only independent factor associated with increased mortality. Conclusion Prescription errors influenced mortality of patients with Ventilator-associated pneumonia, underscoring the challenge of proper Ventilator-associated pneumonia treatment, which requires continuous reevaluation to ensure that clinical response to therapy meets expectations.

Effect of heat and moisture exchangers on the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains one of the major causes of infection in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with the length of hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. We compared the frequency of VAP 10 months prior to (pre-intervention group) and 13 months after (post-intervention group) initiation of the use of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) filter. This is a study with prospective before-and-after design performed in the ICU in a tertiary university hospital. Three hundred and fourteen patients were admitted to the ICU under mechanical ventilation, 168 of whom were included in group HH (heated humidifier) and 146 in group HME. The frequency of VAP per 1000 ventilator-days was similar for both the HH and HME groups (18.7 vs 17.4, respectively; P = 0.97). Duration of mechanical ventilation (11 vs 12 days, respectively; P = 0.48) and length of ICU stay (11 vs 12 days, respectively; P = 0.39) did not differ between the HH and HME groups. The chance of developing VAP was higher in patients with a longer ICU stay and longer duration of mechanical ventilation. This finding was similar when adjusted for the use of HME. The use of HME in intensive care did not reduce the incidence of VAP, the duration of mechanical ventilation, or the length of stay in the ICU in the study population.

Características clínicas de las neumonías asociadas a la ventilación en cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Clinical characteristics of ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 31 pacientes con neumonía asociada a la ventilación, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Infantil Norte Docente Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2007 hasta diciembre de 2011, a fin de caracterizarles desde el punto de vista clinicoepidemiológico. En la serie predominaron los niños menores de un año, la insuficiencia respiratoria como la causa principal de ventilación, los pacientes con 4 o más días de ventilados como los más afectados, la fiebre y los cambios de las secreciones bronquiales como los síntomas más comunes, la sedación como el factor de riesgo más frecuente, los sedantes y los relajantes musculares como los medicamentos que más causaron neumonía y las cefalosporinas de tercera generación como los fármacos más usados.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 31 patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Teaching Children Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from January 2007 to December 2011, in order to characterize them clinically and epidemiologically. Children under one year, respiratory failure as the main cause of ventilation, patients with 4 or more days of ventilation as the most affected predominated in the series, as well as fever and changes in bronchial secretions as the most common symptoms, sedation as the most common risk factor, sedatives and muscular relaxers as drugs that mostly caused pneumonia, and third generation-cephalosporins as the most used drugs.

[Effect of closed endotracheal suction on incidence of ventilatorassociated pneumonia]

Ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP] is one of the common nosocominal infections in intensive care units [ICU] which leads to high mortality rates. Endotracheal suctioning is routinely performed in mechanically ventilated patients to clear secretions. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of closed versus open endotracheal suction methods on development of ventilator-associated pneumonia. This randomized control trial included 156 hospitalized patients in intensive care units of the hospitals of Arak University of Medical Sciences. Patients who had required mechanical ventilation and been transferred to ICU in less than 24 hours after their admission and had endotracheal tubes for less than six hours were assigned randomly into two groups. Routine open suction and closed suction methods were used for control [n=74] and intervention [n=82] groups respectively. After 72 hours the patients were examined for signs and symptoms of pneumonia based on clinical pulmonary infection score [CPIS]. The results of this study showed the incidence of pneumonia in the intervention and control groups were 28% and 48.6% respectively. Considering the incidence of pneumonia, there was a significant difference between the two groups [P=0.01]. Patients with history of cigarette smoking had increased incidence of pneumonia but no difference was detected in the incidence of pneumonia between males and females. Considering the decreased risk of transfer of contamination via medical devices and personnel's hands, use of closed suction method can lead to a decrease in the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia

Pneumonia nosocomial: importância do microambiente oral / Nosocomial pneumonia: importance of the oral environment

A pneumonia nosocomial, em especial aquela associada à ventilação mecânica, é uma infecção frequente nas UTIs. Seus principais fatores etiológicos incluem bactérias colonizadoras e oportunistas da cavidade oral. Manobras de higiene oral, com o uso de antissépticos orais, como a clorexidina, têm se mostrado úteis na diminuição de sua incidência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar a literatura sobre a importância do microambiente oral no desenvolvimento da pneumonia nosocomial.

Nosocomial pneumonia, especially ventilator-associated pneumonia, is a common infection in ICUs. The main etiologic factors involve colonizing and opportunistic bacteria from the oral cavity. Oral hygiene measures, including the use of oral antiseptic agents, such as chlorhexidine, have proven useful in reducing its incidence. The objective of this article was to review the literature on the importance of the oral environment in the development of nosocomial pneumonia.

Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em pacientes com câncer na unidade de terapia intensiva: uma contribuição para a enfermagem / Ventilator-associated pneumonia in cancer patients in the intensive care unit: a contribution to nursing

Neste estudo procurou-se demonstrar a crescente evolução da pneumonia encontrada primordialmente em centros ou unidades de terapia intensiva com pacientes em ventilação mecânica. Buscou-se apresentar seu desenvolvimento e fisiopatologia como forma de demonstrar a importância do conhecimento dessa doença e a assistência de enfermagem. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura onde foram levantados os estudos mais recentes que abordam os principais aspectos sobre o tema. Assim veremos que uma alta porcentagem dos pacientes ventilados mecanicamente possui o curso de sua enfermidade complicado pelo aparecimento da pneumonia, estando expostos a um grande aumento da mortalidade se comparados a pacientes com outros tipos de infecções. Serão apresentados também os principais agentes etiológicos, as terapias mais comumente usadas, os métodos diagnósticos mais precisos. Esperamos com isso promover o acesso dos profissionais de enfermagem na atuação com pacientes em ventilação mecânica, possibilitando uma discussão sobre o conceito de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica e sua forma de instalação.

Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em pacientes com câncer na unidade de terapia intensiva: uma contribuição para a enfermagem

Neste estudo procurou-se demonstrar a crescente evolução da pneumonia encontrada primordialmente em centros ou unidades de terapia intensiva com pacientes em ventilação mecânica. Buscou-se apresentar seu desenvolvimento e fisiopatologia como forma de demonstrar a importância do conhecimento dessa doença e a assistência de enfermagem. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura onde foram levantados os estudos mais recentes que abordam os principais aspectos sobre o tema. Assim veremos que uma alta porcentagem dos pacientes ventilados mecanicamente possui o curso de sua enfermidade complicado pelo aparecimento da pneumonia, estando expostos a um grande aumento da mortalidade se comparados a pacientes com outros tipos de infecções. Serão apresentados também os principais agentes etiológicos, as terapias mais comumente usadas, os métodos diagnósticos mais precisos. Esperamos com isso promover o acesso dos profissionais de enfermagem na atuação com pacientes em ventilação mecânica, possibilitando uma discussão sobre o conceito de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica e sua forma de instalação.

Device-associated infection rates and mortality in intensive care units of Peruvian hospitals: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium / Tasas de infección asociadas a aparatos y mortalidad en unidades de cuidados intensivos de hospitales peruanos: datos del Consorcio Internacional para el Control de las Infecciones Nosocomiales

OBJECTIVES: To measure device-associated infection (DAI) rates, microbiological profiles, bacterial resistance, and attributable mortality in intensive care units (ICUs) in hospitals in Peru that are members of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). METHODS: Prospective cohort surveillance of DAIs was conducted in ICUs in four hospitals applying the definitions for nosocomial infections of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (CDC-NNIS) and National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). RESULTS: From September 2003 to October 2007 1 920 patients hospitalized in ICUs for an aggregate of 9 997 days acquired 249 DAIs, accounting for a rate of 13.0 percent and 24.9 DAIs per 1 000 ICU-days. The ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rate was 31.3 per 1 000 ventilator-days; the central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CVC-BSI) rate was 7.7 cases per 1 000 catheter-days; and the rate for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) was 5.1 cases per 1 000 catheter-days. Extra mortality for VAP was 24.5 percent (RR 2.07, P < 0.001); for CVC-BSI the rate was 15.0 percent (RR 2.75, P = 0.028). Methicillin-resistant strains accounted for 73.5 percent of all Staphylococcus aureus DAIs; 40.5 percent of the Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to ceftriaxone, 40.8 percent were resistant to ceftazidime, and 32.0 percent were resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam. Sixty-five percent of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 62.0 percent were resistant to ceftazidime, 29.4 percent were resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam, and 36.1 percent were resistant to imipenem. CONCLUSIONS: The high rates of DAIs in the Peruvian hospitals in this study indicate the need for active infection control. Programs consisting of surveillance of DAIs and implementation of guidelines for infection prevention can ensure improved patient...

OBJETIVOS: Determinar las tasas de infecciones asociadas a aparatos (IAA), sus perfiles microbiológicos y la resistencia bacteriana, así como la mortalidad atribuible a estas infecciones en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de hospitales de Perú, miembros del Consorcio Internacional para el Control de las Infecciones Nosocomiales (INICC). MÉTODOS: Se hizo un seguimiento retrospectivo de cohorte de las IAA en las UCI de cuatro hospitales, según las definiciones de infección nosocomial del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de Infecciones Nosocomiales de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC-NNIS) y de la Red Nacional de Seguridad Sanitaria (NHSN), de los Estados Unidos de América. RESULTADOS: De septiembre de 2003 a octubre de 2007, 1 920 pacientes hospitalizados en las UCI, con un total de 9 997 días, adquirieron 249 IAA, para una tasa de 13,0 por paciente (24,9 IAA por 1 000 días-UCI). La tasa de neumonía asociada a respiradores (NAR) fue de 31,3 casos por 1 000 días-ventilador; la tasa de infecciones circulatorias asociadas con cateterismo venoso central (IC-CVC) fue de 7,7 casos por 1 000 díascatéter; y la tasa de infecciones urinarias asociadas con el uso de catéteres (IUAC) fue de 5,1 casos por días-catéter. La mortalidad adicional por NAR fue de 24,5 por ciento (RR = 2,07; P < 0,001) y por IC-CVC fue de 15,0 por ciento (RR = 2,75; P = 0,028). De las IAA por Staphylococcus aureus, 73,5 por ciento se debían a cepas resistentes a la meticilina; de los aislamientos de Enterobacteriaceae, 40,5 por ciento eran resistentes a la ceftriaxona, 40,8 por ciento a la ceftazidima y 32,0 por ciento a la piperacilina-tazobactam. De los aislamientos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 65,0 por ciento eran resistentes a la ciprofloxacina; 62,0 por ciento a la ceftazidima; 36,1 por ciento al imipenem; y 29,4 por ciento a la piperacilina-tazobactam. CONCLUSIONES: Las elevadas tasas de IAA encontradas en los hospitales peruanos señalan...

Ventilator-associated pneumonia in an adult clinical-surgical intensive care unit of a Brazilian university hospital: incidence, risk factors, etiology, and antibiotic resistance

The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical characteristics, etiology, and resistance to antimicrobial agents, among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). A case study vs. patients control under mechanical ventilation and hospitalized into clinical-surgical adults ICU of HC-UFU was performed from March/2005 to March/2006. Patients under ventilation for over 48 h were included in the study including 84 with diagnosis of VAP, and 191 without VAP (control group). Laboratory diagnosis was carried out through quantitative microbiological evaluation of tracheal aspirate. The identification of pathogens was performed by classical microbiological tests, and the antibiotics sensitivity spectrum was determined through the CLSI technique. VAP incidence rate over 1,000 days of ventilation was 24.59. The mean (± SD) duration of mechanical ventilation prior to VAP diagnosis was 23.2 ± 17.2 days. By multivariate analysis the risk factors predisposing for VAP were: mechanical ventilation time and mechanical ventilation > seven days, tracheostomy and use of > three antibiotics. Mortality rate was high (32.1 percent) but lower than that of the control group (46.5 percent). Major pathogens were identified in most of patients (95.2 percent) and included: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29 percent), Staphylococcus aureus (26 percent), Enterobacter/Klebsiella/Serratia (19 percent) and Acinetobacter spp. (18 percent), with expressive frequencies of P. aeruginosa (52 percent), S. aureus (65.4 percent) and Enterobacteriaceae (43.7 percent) resistant to imipenem, oxacillin and 3/4 generation cephalosporins, respectively. In conclusion, our observation showed VAPs caused by multiresistant microorganisms, the prescription of > three antibiotics, and mortality with unacceptably high rates. The practice of de-escalation therapy appears to be urgently needed in order to improve the situation.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia Part 1: epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention

Ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP] is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units [ICUs]. Intubation and mechanical ventilation [MV] is associated with a 7-fold to 21 -fold increase in the incidence of pneumonia and approximately one third of patients receiving mechanical ventilation will develop this complication. Prevention of VAP must be regarded as one of the most important issues in critical care. It is possible through the use of several evidence-based strategies intended to minimize intubation, the duration of mechanical ventilation, and the risk of aspiration of oropharyngeal pathogens. Important components of effective preventive strategies focus on basic infection control principles like hand washing, adequate ICU staff education, and optimal resource utilization. Measures to prevent VAP extend into all aspects of daily intensive care practice, including antibiotic selection and duration of use, preferred routes of intubation, limitation of sedation, protocolized weaning, optimal use of noninvasive mask ventilation, patient positioning, ventilator circuit management, transfusion practices, stress ulcer prophylaxis, and glycemic control. However, strategies to prevent VAP are likely to be successful only if based upon a sound understanding of pathogenesis and epidemiology. In the first part of this article we review the evidence on prevalence, pathogenesis, microbiology, and prevention of VAP. Evidence-based recommendations for prevention of VAP are provided. Diagnosis and treatment of this condition are discussed in part two

Reintubation increases ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit

To determine the incidence, risk factors, mortality, and causative organisms of Nosocomial Pneumonia [NP] in patients with endotracheal [ET] tube, with or without mechanical ventilation. Patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit [PICU], over a period of 1 year who had ET intubations, were enrolled consecutively into the study. Diagnosis of NP was based on CDC criteria [1988]. Semiquantiative assay of endotracheal aspirate [ETA] with a colony count of > 105 cfu/mL was taken as evidence of infection. Colonization was defined as isolation of organism with < 105 cfu/mL. Age, nutritional status, number and duration of intubations, duration of mechanical ventilation, sedation, nasogastric feeding were the risk factors studied for development of NP. Intubation attempts of more than one were defined as reintubation. Risk factors found significant on univariate analysis, were subjected to multiple regression analysis to determine the most important predictors of NP. The study group comprised of 72 children with a median age of 3.7 years and boys: girls' ratio of 1.9:1.Twenty two of 72 [30.5%] developed NP; the predominant isolates from ETA were Pseudomonas aeruginosa [12], Acinetobacter anitratus [5], Klebsiella sp [3] and Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli [1] each. Additionally, 18[39%] had evidence of ET colonization, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the commonest 9[50%]. Re-intubation, prolonged duration of intubation and mechanical ventilation were the significant risk factors on univariate analysis for development of NP. On multiple regression analysis, reintubation was the only independent risk factor for NP [OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55-0.94]. Overall mortality was 21% [15/72];7[47%]of these deaths were secondary to NP. NP developed in nearly one third of the intubated patients; Gram negative organisms were the predominant etiological agents and associated with high mortality. Re-intubation, prolonged duration of intubation and mechanical ventilation were the significant risk factors on univariate analysis for development of NP. On multiple regression analysis, reintubation was the only independent risk factor for NP

Comparison of closed endotracheal suction versus open endotracheal suction in the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care patients: an evaluation using meta-analytic techniques.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), a frequent nosocomial infection in the intensive care, is associated with considerable morbidity. Endotracheal suctioning is routinely performed in mechanically ventilated patients to clear secretions. This study assessed if there were advantages of closed endotracheal suctioning (CES) over open endotracheal suctioning (OES) with respect to clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Trials comparing CES with OES were identified by search of MEDLINE (1966-July 2006) and bibliographies of relevant articles. Only trials reporting VAP and/or mortality were considered. Studies reporting only physiological outcomes were excluded. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed using the random-effects estimator. The effect of suctioning type on VAP and mortality was reported as risk difference (RD) and duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) as mean weighted difference (MWD). RESULTS: Nine RCTs fulfilled criteria for inclusion. There was no differential treatment effect of suctioning type (closed versus open, n = 9 studies) on VAP (RD - 0.01; 95% CI - 0.05, 0.03; P = 0.63) or on mortality (n = 5; RD 0.01; 95% CI - 0.04, 0.05; P = 0.8). Although OES was associated with a shorter duration of MV (n = 4; MWD -0.64; 95% CI 0.21, 1.06; P = 0.004), one study contributed significantly to the estimates. Heterogeneity of treatment effects was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis has not demonstrated a superiority of CES over OES with respect to VAP or mortality. Thus the decision for the use of CES may be based on possible benefits in patients requiring high respiratory supports, reduced costs in those needing prolonged MV or occupational health and safety concerns with OES.

A utilidade da broncofibroscopia em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário. Análise de 109 exames. / Utility of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in ventilated patients in a unit care intensive of university hospital. Analysis of 109 procedures.

Introdução: a pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM) contribui para a morbi-mortalidade e para os custos relacionados aos cuidados de pacientes criticamente enfermos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto e a utilidade clínica da broncofibroscopia (BFC) com lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) na evolução clínica para pacientes com PAVM. Materiais e métodos: os resultados de 109 exames broncoscópicos foram retrospectivamente analisados. Entre 1 de Janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2001, oitenta e nove pacientes em VM e suspeita clínica de PAVM internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro foram submetidos a BFC com LBA. As amostras coletadas foram submetidas à cultura quantitativa. Considerou-se pneumonia quando havia crescimento superior a 10 4 e 10 5 UFC/ml no LBA e aspirado traqueal, respectivamente. Foram avaliados a evolução clínica e o número de casos cuja antibioticoterapia foi modificada como consequência do resultado da cultura, além da mortalidade. Resultados: Pseudomas aeruginosa (21/61), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (9/61) e em 69% (61/88) episódios suspeitos de PAVM. Os resultados do LBA propiciaram troca na antibioticoterapia empírica em 52% (46/88) casos. A mortalidade total foi de 62,9% (56/89). Conclusão: o diagnóstico etiológico da PAVM obtido através da BFC com LBA modificou a conduta em um significativo número de casos.

Introduction: ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) contributes to the morbidity, mortality, and costs of caring for critically ill patients. Objective: evaluate clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for patients with VAP. Materials and methods: the results of 109 bronchoscopic procedures were studied. Between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2001 eight nine mechanically ventilated patients with clinical suspicion of VAP in the Intensive Care Unit of Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro were underwent to a bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Samples collected were cultured quantitatively. Pneumonia was considered if the growth of bacteria was > 10 4 UFC/ml in BAL or > 10 UFC/ml in tracheal aspiration. Outcome variables studied included the change of the antibiotic because the result of culture were sisolated more frequently from patients with VAP. Bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed in 69% (61/88) suspected VAP episodes. The antibiotic prescription was changed in 52% (46/88) cases because the BAL results. Overall mortality was 63%. Conclusion: the etiologic diagnosis of VAP obtained through bronchoscopy with modified the antibiotic prescription in a significant number of cases.